Fire as a Soil-Forming Factor

In the span of a human generation, fire can, in theory, impact all the land covered by vegetation. Its occurrence has many important direct and indirect effects on soil, some of which are long-lasting or even permanent. As a consequence, fire must be considered a soil-forming factor, on par with the others traditionally recognized, namely: parent material, topography, time, climate, living beings not endowed with the power of reason, and humans.     

燃煤电厂在线监测系统颗粒物浓度排放系数影响因素的探讨

选取上海市7家未安装气-气换热器的国控燃煤电厂作为研究对象，从煤质、除尘器、脱硫协同脱除作用以及锅炉工况负荷等方面探讨对颗粒物浓度排放系数 K值产生的影响，得出上述因素通过改变脱硫进口颗粒物浓度值影响 K值，当脱硫进口颗粒物浓度较低、波动范围较小时，其 K值也维持相对稳定的状态；当脱硫进口颗粒物浓度较高、波动范围较大时，其 K值也会发生较大的变化等结论。     

Environmental forensic investigation of the air pollution from a cement manufacturing unit

Abstract

Cement manufacturing is a process that results in the emission of significant quantities of suspended particulate matter (SPM) to the ambient air. An environmental forensic investigation was carried out in the surroundings of a major cement manufacturing unit at a place called Coimbatore in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The investigation was carried out to identify the contribution of the cement manufacturing unit to the SPM concentration of the surrounding air environment. The sampling points’ selection and sample collection were done following the principles outlined in the INTERPOL Manual for Pollution Crime Forensic Investigation. On-site monitoring of the air samples was carried out using Mini Laser Aerosol Spectrometer (GRIMM, Mini-LAS Model 11R). The instrument was capable of measuring particles ranging from 0.25 to 32 µm and classifying them into 31 size channels. The test results at majority of the monitoring locations were well above the limits specified in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards of India. Microscopic studies of the dust samples were carried out for surface texture and particle shape. The spatial distribution of particles was analysed using geographic information system (GIS) for the visual identification of the extent of the pollution by keeping the cement factory as the focal point. The results from the GIS and microscopic analysis established the role of the cement factory in the particulate matter pollution of its surroundings, specifically in the areas North-West of the factory. The successfully adopted procedure can serve as a guideline for the environmental forensic investigation of similar pollution incidences.     

Isotopic composition (C & N) of the suspended particles and N uptake by phytoplankton in a shallow tropical coastal lagoon

The spatial distribution of the C/N ratios and variations in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of suspended particulate matter were used to characterise their source in Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon, Chilika, India. In addition, the significance of re-mineralised nutrients in the primary productivity of the shallow lagoon was also determined through quantification of the subsurface nitrogen uptake conditions at two relatively stable locations in the lagoon. The results indicated that the influence of terrestrial organic matter was the maximum in the northern sector and was relatively limited at the central and southern part of the lagoon. In situ ¹⁵N uptake experiments (daytime) under biogeochemically stable conditions revealed that the N uptake by phytoplankton ranged between 0.24 and 1.01?mM?m^?3?h^?1 during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. New production and regenerated production in the shallow lagoon was also estimated by calculating f-ratios (ratio of nitrate assimilation by phytoplankton to total nitrogenous nutrient assimilation, have been estimated), which varied from 0.52 in the post-monsoon to 0.38 in the pre-monsoon. Lowering of the f-ratio from post- to pre-monsoon indicated a dominance of mineralisation over the new production.     

电—袋复合除尘器捕集微细粒子的理论浅析

依据袋式除尘器的捕集机理,定性分析了静电力对增强电—袋复合除尘器捕集亚微米微细粒子能力以及降低袋式除尘器压力损失的影响,为进一步研究电—袋复合除尘器过滤机制提供参考。     

灰霾污染和清洁过程中污染物垂直结构特征

针对无锡地区2013年11月6—13日经历的灰霾污染和清洁过程,采用地基遥感激光雷达对空气中的气溶胶颗粒物垂直分布进行垂直探测,发现污染时段气溶胶颗粒物主要积聚在1.8 km以下,消光系数的日均值统计表明,从近地面至高空1.5 km,颗粒物产生的峰值消光系数稳定在0.2 km~(-1);而清洁时段,由于垂直扩散条件改善,颗粒物随高度增加明显减少,1.5 km处的消光系数不足0.05 km~(-1)。同时发现污染时段中,近地面PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、碳黑(BC)的平均浓度分别是清洁时段的2.48、2.76、3.66倍;大气氧化剂(O3和NO_x的总和)平均值水平是清洁时段的1.73倍。气象条件分析发现,锋面的移动使大气水平、垂直对流运动加剧,污染物得以迅速扩散,空气质量转好,这也是此次污染清除的主要原因。     

用于污水再生利用的生物活性炭床的有机物降解特性

以微生物增殖动力学的基本方程-莫诺方程为出发点,通过氮同位素分析比较了具有同源性微生物的生物陶粒滤床和生物活性炭床的有机物生物降解规律,建立了生物活性炭床的有机物生物降解动力学方程,提出在污水再生利用过程中生物活性炭床符合高基质有机物降解动力学模型,即有机物降解呈一级反应动力学方程。以此方程为基础,分析计算了生物活性炭床沿炭床深度的吸附性能,结果表明,在生物活性炭床中,随生物功能的减弱,生物活性炭床对有机物的吸附能力逐渐加强。     

Aggregation and ecotoxicity of CeO₂ nanoparticles in synthetic and natural waters with variable pH, organic matter concentration and ionic strength

The influence of pH (6.0-9.0), natural organic matter (NOM) (0-10 mg C/L) and ionic strength (IS) (1.7-40 mM) on 14 nm CeO₂ NP aggregation and ecotoxicity towards the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was assessed following a central composite design. Mean NP aggregate sizes ranged between 200 and 10000 nm. Increasing pH and IS enhanced aggregation, while increasing NOM decreased mean aggregate sizes. The 48 h-E_rC20s ranged between 4.7 and 395.8 mg CeO₂/L. An equation for predicting the 48 h-E_rC20 (48 h-E_rC20 = −1626.4 × (pH) + 109.45 × (pH)² + 116.49 × ([NOM]) − 14.317 × (pH) × ([NOM]) + 6007.2) was developed. In a validation study with natural waters the predicted 48 h-E_rC20 was a factor 1.08-2.57 lower compared to the experimental values.     

夏、冬季降雨中溶解性有机质(DOM)光谱特征及来源辨析

利用紫外-可见光谱与三维荧光光谱,结合拉格朗日混合单粒子轨道模型及火点图,研究了重庆2013年夏、冬两季雨水DOM光谱特征,并对其来源进行解析.结果表明,雨水DOM与水体、土壤DOM具有类似性质光谱特征,证明降雨DOM也是陆地及水环境中DOM地化特征的重要贡献者.雨水DOM中DOC含量为0.88~12.80 mg·L-1,CDOM含量在3.17~21.11m-1之间,夏、冬两季降雨DOM差异明显(P0.05).与夏季相比,冬季降雨DOM分子量较小,芳香性程度较低,腐殖化程度也更低,输入主要以本地和短距离输送为主;而夏季DOM来源较分散.尽管吸收和荧光光谱可用于解析雨水DOM组成和来源,但在光谱特征的解析和来源识别上与其他来源DOM有所区别,传统"内、外源区分"并不适用于雨水DOM.     

燃煤电厂可凝结颗粒物的测试与排放

建立了固定源可凝结颗粒物(condensable particulate matter,CPM)采样-分析方法,开发了CPM采样配件,与EPA Method202方法进行比对后应用于燃煤电厂.结果表明燃煤电厂CPM排放均值为(21.2±3.5)mg·m-3,同步使用国标方法测得的FPM为(20.6±10.0)mg·m-3;高效除尘器可有效降低FPM的排放水平,但对CPM无太大影响.高效除尘改造后CPM对TPM的贡献将有所提高,应引起足够的重视.CPM中冷凝液贡献了68%,滤膜为32%,有机组分较少,为1%.